Tonicity on cell membrane lab report Essays

Tonicity on cell membrane lab report Essays Tonicity on cell membrane lab report Paper Tonicity on cell membrane lab report Paper Unknown solution C showed no change to the RUB shape, it was suggested that unknown solution C was isotonic. To confirm the tonality of unknown solutions A, B and C, a potato strip was placed in 3 separate tubes containing each unknown solution. After each potato strip soaked for twenty minutes it was proven; unknown solution A was hypersonic due to the flaccidity of the potato strip. Unknown solution B proved to be hypotonic because the potato felt extremely rigid. Lastly, the potato strip soaking in unknown solution C was flexible which proved to be isotonic. From those results each unknown solution was established and allowing the determination of tonality for unknown solutions A, B and C. Introduction The cell membrane was discovered by Swiss botanist Carl Engaged and C. Cramer in 1855. 2 The cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane is a phosphoric bilateral. Each phosphoric molecule contains a polar head, composed of a phosphate group and glycerol that is hydrophilic (water-loving) and soluble in water, as well as a monopole tail, composed of fatty acids that is hydrophobic (water-fearing) and insoluble in water. The polar heads are on he two surfaces of the lipid bilateral facing the extracurricular and intracellular environment, while the monopole tails are in the interior of the bilateral away from the water. Because the fatty acid tails cling together, phosphoric in the presence of water form a self-sealing bilateral. The most important function of the plasma membrane is to serve as a selective barrier for materials enterin g and exiting the cell. Plasma membranes have selective permeability. Gases pass through easily, water passes through via transport channels known as aspirins, ions penetrate the membrane very slowly, and larger molecules such as protein) cannot penetrate the plasma membrane without the help of transport proteins. Materials move across plasma membranes in two ways: passive and active transport. In passive transport, substances move across the membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (down the concentration gradient) without the use of energy. In active transport the cell must use energy to push substances from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration (against the concentration gradient). Passive transport includes osmosis, which was discovered by French botanist, Henry Trochee in 1826. 4 Osmosis is the net movement of solvent molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area with high concentration of solvent molecules (low concentration of solute molecules) to an area of low concentration of solvent molecules (high concentration of solute molecules). Osmosis attempts to equalize the solute concentrations on both sides. Tonality is the amount of solute in a solution. A Solute is any dissolved substance in a solution. An isotonic solutions concentration of solutes is equal to inside the cell. The solvent leaves and enters the cell at the same rate, therefore there is no et change; the cells contents are in equilibrium with the solution outside the cell wall. A hypotonic solution outside the ce ll has a concentration of solutes that is lower than inside the cell. This tonality causes the solvent to rush into the cell, forcing the cell to swell and sometimes burst (osmotic lysine). A hypersonic solution has a higher concentration of solutes than inside the cell, causing the solvent to leave the cell. Cells placed in a hypersonic solution will shrink as the solvent leaves the cells. Plant cells react differently to osmosis than animal cells. When an animal cell is placed in a hypersonic solution, water will leave the cell causing it to shrink, this is known as creation. When a plant cell is placed in a hypersonic solution the cell membrane will pull away from the cell wall, making the plant flaccid, this is known as polynomials. When an animal cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, water will rush in to the cell, causing it to swell and sometimes burst. A plant cell placed in a hypotonic solution will also swell due to water rushing in, but will resist rupturing due to the rigid cell wall. Plant cells come more rigid in a hypotonic solution. In this activity we will be observing the effects of potato slices and red blood cells being placed in varying molar levels of Niacin. Methods The materials used for the first part of the experiment comprised of the following: a microscope, 4 slides, 4 slide covers, blood samples, lancet, a sheet of paper towel, 3 test tube droppers, Solutions A, Solutions B, and Solution C. Blood samples from a volunteer within the group were used to conduct the experiment. The volunteers hands were thoroughly washed and an alcohol swab was applied to further sanitize the hands. To gather the blood samples needed, a lancet was properly placed on the forefinger and a firm pressure was applied, which activated the needle inside to spring forward and pierce through the skin. The pierced through finger was massaged to ensure sufficient amount of blood was extracted. A drop of blood was placed in each of the slides. Immediately after, 1 drop of Solution A was added to Slide 2, 1 drop of Solution B was added to Slide 3, and 1 drop of Solution C was added to Slide 4. Slide 1 served as the control, therefore, no solution drops were added to Slide 1. All 4 slides were lined up on paper towel with its corresponding labels: Control, Solution A, Solution B, and Solution C. Once all slides were prepared, the microscope was adjusted appropriately. The slide labeled Control was placed under the microscope at the lowest magnification. The microscope was further calibrated and adjusted accordingly to the higher magnification to view best results under the microscope. The team reviewed the tonality and size of the cells under the microscope and observations were noted. The next 3 slides were viewed under the microscope in the same manner as the control slide. Each slide as examined, evaluated, and analyzed by the individual team members. Observations and conclusions were drawn for each slide and solution. The following materials were prepared for the second part of the experiment: four pieces of potato sliced in identical proportions, Solution A, Solution B, and Solution C in its respective containers with corresponding labels. One potato was placed on a clean piece of paper towel and was labeled the control. The three remaining slices of potato were each placed in a Solutions container and submerged for twenty minutes. After twenty minutes, potatoes were taken UT of the solutions and placed on the paper towel. Each potato was evaluated and analyzed by the individual team members. Observations were noted and conclusions were drawn for each potato and solution. Results Image l. A drop of blood is smeared onto a glass slide, without any added solution, and then examined under a microscope. This is the Control slide, which will facilitate comparison and contrast of red blood cells in different unknown solutions. Image II. A drop of blood is smeared onto a glass slide with an Unknown Solution A and examined under the microscope. Compared to the Control, shrinkage of red blood cells is evident, which suggests creation. Image Ill. Solution B is added to a drop of blood on a glass slide, which is then evaluated under a microscope. In comparison to the Control slide, the red blood cells are swollen. Image IV. This image is displaying a drop of blood that is mixed with Unknown Solution C. Upon observation, the red blood cells maintained the same shape as our control sample. The solution equally moved in and out of each cell. Discussion Cells placed in solution A, displayed signs of creation, indicating the solution was hypersonic. The cells that were placed in solution B showed signs that they were swelling and that hemolytic taking place as well as, indicating the solution was hypotonic. Lastly, cells were placed in solution C, which maintained constant volume and pressure, identical to our control indicating the solution was isotonic. The findings were consistent with the principle behind tonality. Hypersonic solutions have a higher concentration of solutes than the cell; therefore, the cell displays water flowing out to maintain equilibrium, thus resulting in creation. On the other hand, in hypotonic solution, the extracurricular space has a lower incineration of solutes, thus enabling water to flow in, which results in cell swelling and possibly hemolytic. In a hypotonic environment, where the water moves into the cell by osmosis and causes its volume to increase to the point where the volume exceeds the membranes capacity and the cell bursts. In isotonic solution, the solute concentrations are in equilibrium so there is equal movement of water in or out of the cell. Tonality is the relative concentration of solutions that determine the direction and extent of diffusion. Cells have a certain malarial and when they are placed in a solution of different malarial, a incineration gradient forms and that creates osmotic pressure on the cells membrane. In order to maintain equilibr ium between the cell and the solution, passive transport occurs. As mentioned above, there are three levels of tonality: isotonic, hypotonic and hypersonic. We also observed strips of potatoes in the same solutions A, B and C. When the potato was placed in hypersonic solution, the cells shrunk, allowing more room to bend without breaking. In an isotonic solution, there was equal movement of water so the potato remained at the same rigidity. In a hypotonic solution, the cells became swollen and closer gather, making the potato more rigid. Conclusion Initially, this experiment was to determine the effects of tonality (Hypersonic; cells shrink, Hypotonic; cells swell, Isotonic; cells remain the same) on a cell B, C). The data collected during this experiment supported the determination of the effects of tonality, the relative concentration of solutions that determine the direction and extent of diffusion. After the initial prick of the finger a drop of blood was placed on each slide. For slides A, B and C there was one drop of the each unknown solution then the cover was placed over the blood. Immediately, there after the slide was placed under a microscope for a real naked eye view of the red blood cells. There were 4 slides in total including the control slide. What was not expected to occur was for the controlled slide to have had too much blood dropped which resulted in the cells not separating at all. It was determined that a second control slide was needed. The three slides with the unknown solution were inspected under the microscope as well. During this time it was noted whether each unknown solution mixed with the blood sample was Hypersonic, Hypotonic or Isotonic. After, completing this experiment the next step was to do the same with the potato strips. The potatoes were placed in each unknown solution for twenty minutes. It was also noted that each of the potatoes in the unknown solutions had the same reaction as the red blood cells. The potato in unknown solution A was hypersonic due to the flaccidity of the potato strip. The cells within the potato shrunk. Unknown solution B proved to be hypotonic because the potato felt extremely rigid. The cells became swollen. Unknown solution C proved to be isotonic. The potato was flexible and not too rigid or flaccid. The potato placed in solution C was the most similar to the control potato, which was not placed in any fluid.