The Role Of Audit Committees And Corporate Governance Accounting Essay

So as to better corporate organization, bookkeeping natural structures, showcase controllers and councils has suggested the planning of review commissions. In 2001, after the imaginative movement of Douala stock trade ( DSX ) , the Cameroon capital market approval mentioned every single recorded organization to set up review commissions. This review centers around the capacity of review commissions and corporate organization in Cameroon recorded companies.Particularly, how review commissions works in a creating financial framework like Cameroon and how these examples can be contrasted and those in the western monetary frameworks each piece great as other developing monetary frameworks, the relationship of review commissions with bearing, interior and outside hearers.The significant achievements and difficulties going up against review commissions. This review uncovered that AC in Cameroon are tested with inconsistent human asset limit, the mediation of the specialists and kiping investors each piece great the quick changing lawful and runing condition. Be that as it may, there has been a particular advancement on the steadfastness of financial depicting in this manner vouching speculator ‘s confirmation. Watchwords ; Audit commissions, corporate organization, Cameroon, recorded organizations, bearing, inside listener, outer listener, OHADA ( association for harmonization of concern law in Africa ) , CMA ( capital market approval ) , Decision devising.Table of ContentDeclaration Acknowledgment Rundown of Figures Rundown of Abbreviations Rundown of Tables AbstractionChapter 1 Introduction1.1 Introduction 1.2 Background 1.3 Motivation 1.4 The study equitable and Questions 1.5 The study go 1.6 The limitations .7 The study constructionChapter 2 Conceptual model2.0 - IntroductionSection A ; Corporate Administration2.1-The Definitions of Corporate Governance 2.2-The Background of Corporate Governance 2.3-Corporate Governance Code 2.4 Corporate Administration system 2.5 Corporate organization Environment 2.6 The Development of the build of Corporate GovernanceSection B ; Audit Committee2.7 The Operationss of Audit Committees 2.7.1-The Charter 2.7.2 Composition of the commission 2.7.3 - Qualification and Experience 2.7.4-Meetings and Reports 2.8-The Relationship between Audit Committees, the heading, inner listeners and outer listeners 2.9 The significant Accomplishments and Challenges standing up to Audit Committees. 2.10-Conclusion.Chapter 3 Theoretical Frameworks for Corporate organization and Audited accountCommittees3.1 debut 3.2 The Agency hypothesis 3.3 Evidence on battle of inclusion among investors and chiefs 3.3.1 Conflict over Compensation 3.3.2 Conflict on variegation and riches decrease contributing 3.3 the Stewardship hypothesis 3.3.1 Summary of the theoriesChapter 44.1 Corporate Governance issues in creating states. ( Cameroon ) 4.2 The legitimate and Regulatory model for Corporate organization of recorded organizations in Cameroon. 4.2.1The Role of Douala stock trade ( DSX ) 4..2.2-The Board of Directors 4..2.3 The Audit Committee 4.2.4-The Stockholders 4. 2.5.The Role of the Governance 4.3-The Actors of Corporate Governance ; Stockholders and Directors Section 5 Research Methodology 5.1 presentation 5.2 Questionnaire study 5.3 Administration of Questionnaires study 5.4 Responses of the survey study 5.5 Interview Survey 5.5 Administration of meeting studyChapter 66-Findings and Discussion 6.1-Operation of Audit Committees 6.2-Relationship of Audit commissions with heading, inner and outer listeners 6.3-Accomplishments and ChallengesChapter 7, Conclusion, Refrences and AppendixChapter 1 Introduction1.1-IntroductionIn the previous two decennaries, there has been turning attendings on corporate organization strikingly after the corporate surrender of high overall gain organizations known to man like the Enron and WorldCom. Corporate organization is presently a first request issue to a great extent in quite a while where organizations are controlled by ordering investors ( Albuquerue and Wang, 2008 ) and a major figure of organizations are looking to follow better corporate organization designs ( Garay and Gonzalez, 2008 ) .Traditionally, corporate organization is viewed as a mean by which organizations defend the open help of its moneymans, for example, its financial specialists, banks and loaners. Today, with the current downturn and planetary monetary hurt, issue of corporate organization designs in organizations and the elements of various commissions are been contemplated. Review commission is going the most broadly utilized component to ensure great corporate organization in organizations ( Chen et al, 2008 ) .The review commission is a working commission of the organization ‘s leading group of administrators that have some incident obligations, for example, the financial inclusion, monetary disclosure, outer listeners, inside evaluating each piece great as control. A decent figure corporate organization surveies has being done in evolved conditions of Europe, United regions of America and Japan ( Joshi and wakil,2004 ) .Very few surveies has being done and finished in less created countries.Tsamenyi, Enninful-Adu and Onumah ( 2007 ) sees that corporate organization surveies in less create states are restricted and are accessible only on single state balance. This overview attempts to connect the spread in front study by including more in our trepidation of the tasks of review commission and the significant achievements of review commissions in Cameroon. Besides, old exploration in creating states did non tended to the issue on how review commissions relate with the bearing, inside listeners and outer hearers.In this overview, we try to make full in this spread by look intoing on how review commissions in Cameroon recorded organizations relate with the heading, interior listeners and outside hearers1.2 BackgroundJensen and Meckling ( 1976 ) characterized authority relationship as an agreement under which at least one people ( chiefs ) draws in another ( operator ) to apply a help for their sake. Chiefs or operators are being designated the day by day assurance conceiving by investors. Executives are subsequently accused of the obligations of using and telling the house ‘s monetary resources.However the chiefs may non move ever to th e investors best contribution because of foreboding decision and good risk ( Anthony and Govindarajan,2007 ; 531 ) . In this way, investors needs to regulate chiefs exercises so as to ensure that they satisfy the commissariats of their agreements ( Goddard and Masters,2000 ) To maintain a strategic distance from heading disappointments, Moldddoveanu and Martin ( 2001 ) contended that investors must appoint affirmation, observing each piece great as face ( wages and punishment ) instruments. Moldoveanu and Martin ( 2001 ) characterized affirmation components as the instruments utilized in formalizing the judgments of the operator, in giving finishing up veto for an undertaking, order or the activity program of the specialist. Checking systems ( both continuous and separate observing ) are use to recognize, record and to mensurate the finished result of the operator ‘s endeavors. Moreover, favoring system give particular wagess/or punishments to specialists for/or for non alining their endeavors with investors points or investors contribution. A decent figure of corporate organization surveies has being done in evolved conditions of Europe, United territories of America and Japan ( Joshi and wakil,2004 ) .Very few surveies has being done and finished in less created states.Tsamenyi, Enninful-Adu and Onumah ( 2007 ) sees that corporate organization surveies in less create states are constrained and are accessible only on single state footing.1.3 MotivationProper corporate organization is an extremely basic instrument to remake financial specialist ‘s confirmation, to expand the private division, and to energize monetary developing. It have been anticipated that â€Å" great organization of organizations will in a matter of seconds go as imperative to the universe monetary framework as appropriate organization of single states. † Some individuals may consider this to be unreasonably ahead of schedule to hold, however this expectation was recommended with grounds, if non clearly evident today, along these lines, is extremely liable to be valid in the great beyond. The planetary acknowledgment of the effect of occasions sing corporate cultural unreliability ‘s, for example, the financial emergencies in Asia, the corporate soils known to mankind high total compensation organizations like Enron and WorldCom and the monetary emergency in most African states in the last decennary.All these cases adversely influenced the open help and the lives of numerous, for example, the representatives, the pensionaries, house ‘s leasers and loaners. These raised the squeezing interest for useful and effective statute of partnerships what's more prompted dread in commercial centers, and a diminishing in stock financial qualities. In most immature states, as in Africa, the affirmation of lost opportunities to assemble financial assets in local and global capital markets by means of good corporate organization took the association of most African Heads of State. This so roused the African Heads of S tate to incorporate great corporate organization as one of the four boss topical nations exposed to rethink under the African Peer Review Mechanism ( the APRM ) .The four chose nations incorporate, political organization and majority rules system, financial organization and course, financial turn of events, and great corporate organization. The interest to intently administer the activities of enterprises can be legitimized by the undermentioned two grounds ; - The expanding inclusion of the financial specialists in creating states to place in recorded organizations. - The Potential augmentations or losingss that depend on great course of companies can be monetarily productive or financially annihilating1.4 Research point and QuestionsThe re

Critically discuss the view that gender is relevant to the study of Essay - 1

Fundamentally examine the view that sex is applicable to the investigation of INTELLIGENCE. Ground your answer in principle and represent w - Essay Example In further looks into, knowledge hypothesis has opened new line of reasoning concerning the acknowledgment of a more extensive scope of human acumen (Gardner 2006). In this way, knowledge as a topic in numerous looks into and examines is significantly settled. Insight speculations and its suggestions on different fields like brain science (Piaget 1950), human science and neurobiology (Gray and Thompson 2004) are likewise basic in our comprehension of human psyche and keenness. In this paper, the conversation of human insight by investigating its connection to sexual orientation, as one of the likely factors of knowledge contrast among people, will be investigated. The conversation of the foundation and brief history of insight test will likewise be introduced so as to see better the topic. Insight speculations will be examined corresponding to sex as per the goal to see the connection between's the two. Instances of examines with respect to the said ideas will be explored to addition ally prove the paper. Noteworthy outcomes will be broke down and will be coordinated in making an end for the paper. Knowledge and sexual orientation may both allude to extract ideas that individuals made up so as to comprehend the occasions and matters identified with the ideas (Hacking 1999; Kessler and McKenna 1978). In spite of the fact that this is the situation, huge quantities of research are done to break down and distinguish the relationship between's the two ideas. Therefore, numerous issues concerning the morals and good ramifications of the investigations are raised as the thoughts included are exceptionally delicate issues (Messick 1980). Considering sexual orientation issues for example, we see that the chance of asserting some reason for segregation may overflow if certain explores and reviews will be acquainted with the general population. On account of the possibility of knowledge, a few people who are liable to testing and assessment utilizing insight tests may hav e issues in tolerating the aftereffects of the evaluation as they would feel shaky and discouraged as a result of it (Zammit et al 2004). Despite the fact that a few cases that insight is a develop and can be not really estimated (Humphreys 1979; Scott-Wittenborn 2004), numerous ostensibly allude to it as a human element that can be determined and measured (Galton 1883; Binet 1905; Kline 1991). The interests to evaluate human knowledge go past breaking down the brain capacities as scholars and producers of insight tests like Galton (1883), Binet (1905), Spearman (1904), and Thurstone (1938) effectively planned an appraisal program that will gauge and sort knowledge based on their own meanings of considered subject. Today, knowledge in the manner in which the said scholars characterized it with regards to their time has changed its importance in different manners. The ‘lay origination of intelligence’ (Sternberg 2000) has changed as far as how knowledge was characterized dependent on the zones an individual human can be a virtuoso of. Customarily, knowledge is estimated dependent on intelligent and scientific thinking and comparative evaluation. Today, however the conventional one is as yet being utilized (Eysenck 2007), key changes in observing knowledge in an alternate and an all the more wide-extending point of view are being watched. New hypotheses regarding the matter like the

Taking the Train in France Master Typical French Train Announcements

Taking the Train in France Master Typical French Train Announcements Youve contemplated the train related French jargon, read my 7 hints you should know before taking the train to France, read my 20 inquiries and answers to realize when going via train, so now, gives practice with some run of the mill train declarations access French. â€Å"Le TGV 8330 en provenance de Paris Montparnasse et goal de Tours va rentrer en gare voie 6.â Il dessert les gares de ..., et Tours, child end. Les rã ©servations sont obligatoires dans ce train. Nous vous rappelons que dã ©sormais, l’ã ©tiquetage des bagages est obligatoire. Pour votre sã ©curitã ©, à ©loignez-vous de la bordure du quai†. The TGV originating from Paris Montparnasse and going to Tours will enter the station track 6. It stops at the stations of... what's more, Tours, it’s last stop. Appointments are required for this train. We might want to advise you that starting now and into the foreseeable future, composing your name on your baggage is obligatory. For your security, if you don't mind avoid the edge of the platform†. â€Å"Bienvenue dans le TER 5506 goal de Guingamp. Ce train desservira les gares de Paimpol, ...† Welcome in the TER 5506 going to Guingamp. This train will stop at the accompanying stations: Paimpol, ...† â€Å"Gare de Pontrieux. Une minute d’arrã ªt. Correspondance pour Paris voie A. Pour votre sã ©curitã © consideration l’espace entre le train et la bordure du quai†. Pontrieux station. Brief stop. Association with Paris on target A. For your security, mind the hole between the train and the platform†. â€Å" cause de travaux sur la course, nous vous informons que notre TGV va rester en gare pendant 10 minutes. Nous excusons pour le hinder occasionn㠩†. In light of roadworks, (we are revealing to you that) our TFV is going to remain in the station for 10 minutes. If you don't mind acknowledge our statements of regret for the delay†. â€Å" cause des grã ¨ves, le TGV en provenance de Lyon sera retardã © de 30 minutes. Merci de prendre contact avec un operator de la SNCF pour in addition to d’informations†. On account of the strikes, the TGV originating from Lyon will be 30 minutes late. If you don't mind contact a SNCF specialist for more data. â€Å"Mesdames, messieurs, dans quelques moments notre TGV desservira la gare de Pontrieux. Une minute d’arrã ªt. Assurez-vous de ne rien avoir oubliã ©.† Women and noble men, in almost no time our TGV will enter Pontrieux station. Brief stop. Ensure you don’t overlook anything. â€Å"Toute l’ã ©quipe de la SNCF vous remercie pour votre confiance et espã ¨re vous revoir trã ¨s bientã't sur le rã ©seau†. The SNCF group says thanks to you for your trust and wants to see you again very soon on our system. â€Å"Au nom de la SNCF et de l’ã ©quipe TGV, je vous souhaite une bonne journã ©e.† For the benefit of SNCF and the TGV group, I wish you great day. I post selective smaller than usual exercises, tips, pictures and all the more day by day on my Facebook, Twitter and Pinterestâ pages - so go along with me there! https://www.facebook.com/frenchtoday https://twitter.com/frenchtoday https://www.pinterest.com/frenchtoday/ Follow these connections for a greater amount of my taking the train in France related articles: - ​French Train Vocabulary,- 7 Need-to-Know Facts Before You Take the Train in France-20 Typical QA Youll Use When Taking the Train in France-Master Train Announcements in French-Lets Take the Train Together - Bilingual French English Story​

Clothing in the Awakening

Garments seem to have noteworthy importance in The Awakening, enough with the goal that they are referenced at pretty much every portrayal of the characters. Edna Pontellier begins the novel completely dressed and fittingly dressed for a lady of her obligations, in any case, at her last second, she is bare on the sea shore. Other ladies in the story likewise speak to their ‘position’ and the manner in which they feel in the manner in which they dress. For instance, Madmoiselle Reisz never changes her clothes.This might represent her physical separation from anything around her, including nature and any smothered sentiments. Conversely, Edna’s garments speak to her physical connection to society. She sheds her garments the manner in which a snake sheds its skin when it is the ideal opportunity for another one and it doesn't fit into the bygone one any more. Edna doesn’t feel like she can fit into society any more. Madmoiselle Reisz, then again, doesn't appea r to want to be more than what she has been given in the general public in which she lives.Therefore, she doesn't put on something else, in light of the fact that she doesn't feel the requirement for change in her life. Different characters, for example, Madame Leburn consistently have new garments to cover their bodies. This could, maybe, speak to the consistent need to cover their sexuality as ladies in stifled jobs as spouses and moms. Ednas’ bareness toward the finish of the novel represents her opportunity from any cases her youngsters may have on her and shows how her absence of garments is equivalent to her absence of ‘responsibility’, of her family and the 1890s’ society.Through the theme of garments, Kate Chopin proposes that in spite of the fact that society can be confining, so as to have discipline, rules can be important. Can be dangerous, absence of rules can prompt demolition of self. The image of apparel in the story shows the improvement o f her opportunity from the cruel principles of the Creole society. In the start of the novel, Edna is familiar with wearing a similar garments as the Creoles. All through the story, she is discovered extricating her neckline and attempting to take off articles of clothing.After her enlivening, Edna gets eager and begins to disregard the principles put upon her. As Edna advances all through the novel, she disposes of an ever increasing number of layers of the binding apparel that encompasses her body and soul. By removing her attire, each piece in turn, she is defying the principles set upon her, and in doing as such, she applies her autonomy. The garments represents the imperatives on the social conduct of ladies in this time. It confines Edna and doesn’t permit her body to move. Toward the start of the novel, Edna is completely dressed and in legitimate clothing.However, when Edna and Adele walk together on the sea shore, Edna wears less attire In one case of insubordination , Edna starts to think less about her obligations as a lady in a Victorian culture and decides to not wear what society expects of her. â€Å"Mrs. Ponteiller didn't wear her typical Tuesday gathering outfit; she was in standard house outfits. † (59) The house outfit are less intricate and include wearing less apparel than gathering outfits, and to Edna, is increasingly agreeable. In spite of the fact that people around her don't affirm, she decides to do what she feels and does this witho5ut delay or blame.

Reason to Use Argumentative Essay Samples

Reason to Use Argumentative Essay SamplesThe technique of using argumentative essay samples to illustrate your points is one that should be used with care. It's always good to keep in mind that the bulk of argumentative essay samples are used for the purpose of communication and, therefore, are not meant to challenge the readers' positions on the matter at hand.The bulk argumentative essay samples are meant to make the readers understand how you think and what you mean by making your point. If you decide to use them in this fashion, then the reasons for using them should be taken into consideration. A persuasive essay that makes the reader to think can only be successful if the author has a well-organized and clear writing style.There are arguments that it is better to have fewer bulk argumentative essay samples so that the emphasis of the thesis statement is more apparent to the reader. At the same time, arguments that make the points in the bulk are also those that highlight the th eme of the entire article. This is an important fact to bear in mind when you are utilizing these bulk argumentative essay samples.Another factor to take into consideration when using these essay samples is that the tone is supposed to represent that of a professional and polished writer. You should choose essay samples that come from established writers because they would have the capability to make the readers believe that you have some very good critical thinking skills and ideas. It is for this reason that you would be able to land on some solid positive feedback from the readers.However, this doesn't mean that you should only use argumentative essay sample that are written by professionals. It is also important to consider the various styles of argumentation and techniques that are normally used in modern debate and discussions. These essay samples should all help to illustrate the topic that the author is attempting to make a point on.It is recommended that you use different e ssay samples that are made by people who have acquired the skills to write such essays. This means that you should be able to identify those articles that belong to different categories and analyze their style of writing. In this way, you can easily assess whether or not the articles are for your audience.The aim of using bulk argumentative essay samples is to get people to do some research on your point that you are trying to make and to get them to adopt your views about the matter. At the same time, the essay samples should help the readers to form a judgment on your side as well as to understand why you are saying something.Arguments are a kind of language and writing tools that should be used with care. However, if used appropriately and correctly, then it is possible to successfully argue on several subjects.

The Fraud Fear In Internet Banking Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Critical investigate the risk assessment and fraud prevention for banks, payment and processing service providers using internet banking. Evaluate and analyze that why are dwindling customers confidence on internet banking and huge loss of reputation, find out reasons, methods of securing the internet banking. A relatively analysis on Banks about the world trepidation an enormous loss of reputation and diminishing clients trust in their Internet daises through very intellectual and increasingly triumphant Internet banking attacks. Halifax plc is banking and insurance company in the United Kingdom, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Lloyds Banking Group having been taken over in January 2009. It is the holding company for Bank of Scotland plc, which operates the Bank of Scotland and Halifax brands in the UK, as well as HBOS Australia and HBOS Insurance Investment Group Limited, the groups insurance division. HBOS was formed merger of Halifax plc and the Governor and Company of the Bank of Scotland and the formation of HBOS was heralded as creating a fifth force in British banking as it created a company of comparable size and stature to the established big Four UK retail banks. It is also the UKs largest mortgage lender. HBOS Group Reorganisation Act 2006 saw the transfer of Halifax plc to the Governor and Company of the Bank of Scotland, which was now a registered public limited company, Bank of Scotland plc. Although officially HBOS is not an abbreviation of any specific words, it is widely presumed to s tand for Halifax Bank of Scotland. The corporate headquarters of the group were located on The Mound in Edinburgh, Scotland; the former head office of Bank of Scotland. Operational headquarters were based in Halifax, West Yorkshire, England; the former head office of Halifax. The group became part of Lloyds Banking Group through a takeover by Lloyds TSB. This came into effect on Monday 19 January 2009 after both sets of shareholders approved the deal. HBOS continues to operate as a separate organisation within the new group, although over time it is likely to be restructured. Lloyds Banking Group has stated that the new group will continue to use The Mound as the headquarters for its Scottish operations and will not cease the issue of Scottish bank notes. The services and products Halifax offers include: different types of bank accounts and saving accounts, travel packages, credit cards, investments, loans, mortgages, insurance and online banking. Background Halifax has now released monthly figures for March estimating UK house prices have dropped 2.5%. Some areas are down twice that. House prices have now fallen year on year. In March 2007, Halifax had the average UK house price at  £194,094. For March 2008 its down to  £191, 556. (Halifax doesnt highlight the fact, instead focusing on three month rolling averages to record a small year on year gain.) Key data from the Halifax report House prices fell by 2.5% in March. Prices in Quarter 1 were 1.0% lower than in 2007 Quarter 4. House prices in March were 1.1% higher than a year earlier. The biggest rises were in Greater London (1.6%), East Anglia (1.4%) and East Midlands (2.2%).There were price falls in a number of regions, with the biggest falls in West Midlands (-5.0%) and Wales (-4.7%). Amusingly for students of spin, the Halifax obfuscates these numbers with a few paragraphs of Dont Panic waffle: We expect there to be a modest (low single digit) decline in UK house prices t his year. Any declines, however, should be viewed in the context of the significant price rises over recent years. UK prices have increased by 171% over the past ten years and by 51% over the last five years. The average UK price has risen by  £120,860 during the past decade from  £70,696 to  £191,556. All 12 UK regions have experienced substantial house price rises over the last ten years, ranging from 146% in Scotland to 271% in Northern Ireland. Average prices increased by 191% in Greater London, 188% in Wales and 150% in West Midlands during the period. Sound economic fundamentals are supporting house prices. A strong labour market, low interest rates and a shortage of new houses underpin housing valuations. The Bank of England is certain in my view to cut rates on Thursday by 0.25%, but whether that can reduce the interbank lending rate that has increased mortgage rates let alone stems the steady withdrawal of mortgage products remains to be seen. Internet banking allo ws customers to perform a wide range of banking transactions electronically via the banks Web site. When first introduced, Internet banking was used mainly as an information presentation medium in which banks marketed their products and services on their Web sites. With the development of asynchronous technologies and secured electronic transaction technologies, however, more banks have come forward to use Internet banking both as a transactional as well as an informational medium. As a result, registered Internet banking users can now perform common banking transactions such as writing checks, paying bills, transferring funds, printing statements, and inquiring about account balances. Internet banking has evolved into a one stop service and information unit that promises great benefits to both banks and consumers. Internet banking services are crucial for long-term survival of banks in the world of electronic commerce (Burnham 1996). The market for Internet banking is forecast t o grow sharply in the next few years, affecting the competitive advantage enjoyed by traditional branch banks (Duclaux 2007). Indeed, it also was estimated that financial institutions that 0failed to respond to the need for Internet banking services would likely lose more than 10% of their customer base by the year 2000 (Orr 2008; Tower Group 1996). Internet banking would help banks present a potentially low cost alternative to brick and mortar branch banking. Burnham found that the majority of banks with Web sites spent less than  £25,000 to create a Web presence, and less than  £25,000 a year maintaining it. He suggested that even if these figures were to rise as banks began to offer Internet banking services, they would still be less costly than the traditional branch banking. For example, it requires  £1.5 million to  £2 million to set up a traditional brick and mortar branch and  £350,000 to  £500,000 a year to operate it. Note that Burnhams figure of  £25,000 is just for creating an electronic presence on the Web. A fully functional Internet banking site is likely to cost  £1 million to  £2 million. However, while traditional banks operating costs account for between 50% and 60% of revenues, running costs of Journal of the Association for Information Systems 5 Internet banking is estimated at between 15% and 20% of revenues (Booz-Allen Hamilton 1997). From the consumers perspective, Internet banking provides a very convenient and effective approach to manage ones finances as it is easily accessible 24 hours a day, and seven days a week. Besides, the information is current. For corporate customers, sophisticated cash management packages offered through Internet banking provide them with up to the minute information, allowing for timely funds management decisions (Kalakota and Whinston 2008). Web banking customers with Halifax are being put at risk of fraud because of serious loopholes in their security systems; it is claimed 27 Au gust, 2009. An expert assessment of the security regime at the ten leading online banks put the two household name firms at the bottom of the league. The news follows a 132 per cent rise in web banking fraud against UK consumers last year to a total of  £52.5million. Internet banking refers to systems that enable bank customers to access accounts and general information on bank products and services through a personal computer (PC) or other intelligent device. Internet banking products and services can include wholesale products for corporate customers as well as retail and fiduciary products for consumers. Ultimately, the products and services obtained through Internet banking may mirror products and services offered through other bank delivery channels. (Comptroller of the currency, Administration of National Banks, 2007) Sophisticated criminal gangs, many based in Eastern Europe and China, are finding ways to access the web bank accounts of victims in order to grab their cas h. Most often this is done through phishing, where the criminals send out emails pretending to be from a persons bank directing them to a bogus site where their access passwords are stolen. However, there is also a problem where criminals implant a virus or spying software malware on the computers of their targets, which tracks the websites visited and the keystrokes used. (Sean Poulter, 27 August 2009) Online banking is now huge with some 21million active accounts, providing a lucrative pot of cash for the thieves who can circumvent bank security. Computing, published on 27 August 2009, found Halifax has one of the least secure log-in procedures. It asks for three pieces of information to confirm a customers identity. As each entry is typed in full, it makes the information vulnerable to a simple key logger virus (a virus that sits on a computer and tracks every keystroke with the aim of collecting passwords). The Halifax allows customers, real or criminal to transfer money o ut of the account without making additional security checks. Customers of Halifax are not immediately logged out if they browse away to another website. This means that if they walk away from a shared computer, someone else could access their account. Computing editor Sarah Kidner (August 2009) said: There are surprisingly big differences between big banks visible online security systems. (Sean Poulter, 27 August 2009) Some simple measures, like the use of drop-down menus, could improve safety considerably. The banks may say its the hidden security measures that count, but to have real confidence in an online account, customers need to see security in place. Halifax, which is now part of Lloyds, said the bank has additional security measures beyond those immediately apparent to a customer. Halifax said they give the highest priority to the security of customers accounts and its systems are constantly reviewed and improved. A spokesman for the banking industry payments body, APACS , said: Online banking customers are increasingly being targeted by malware attacks, which is why the industry continues to remind customers that they have their computers firewall switched on and anti-virus software installed and kept up to date. (Sean Poulter, 27 August 2009) In the context of the framework, intention to adopt Internet banking services is thus the dependent variable, while the independent variables comprise attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control. In the below framework, the research framework for the Internet banking services: (Margaret Tan, National University of Singapore, 2008) Halifax: Would not it be nice if your bank thanked you properly for your custom? Our new Reward Current Account does just that rewarding you with  £5 each month. So we know what they are saying but it this exactly true? I dont think there is any logic at all behind this new Reward Current Account and their certainly not giving anyone extra. That is  £ 5 of taxpayers money that you get back when you pay into your account  £1000 or more in your account a month. After all most of these banks have been being bailed out with taxpayers money anyway. I find it to be unbelievable that they have the cheek to say they are rewarding their customers. After all, its not rocket science to figure out their basically giving you  £5 of tax payers money that you bailed them out with a few months back anyway. It is time they got their thinking caps on and start rewarding their customers for real instead of making them believe that they are being rewarded because when you look at it from this viewpoint scenario you know youre not exactly being rewarded. The Halifax Bank of Scotland adverts have entertained us and made us cringe and their cross-branding can get confusing at times but these days with everyone and their dog (no offence Churchill) able to start up an internet based insurance company many are turning back to the reliability and co mprehensive cover that you generally only get when a well known financial institution is at the helm, not just financing the boat. Although it is expected, due to their extensive mortgage facilities and experience, for the Halifax to sell home cover they also insure your car, pet, travel and health. Unlike most insurers these days, the Halifaxs website is geared towards getting you to phone so that they can tailor your policy and as incentive they offer deals like premium fixing which only available offline is. They also have quite a stringent online questionnaire with things like making more than two claims in three years and working from home requiring you to phone them. Confusing to us because surely if you wanted to call them you would have opened the Yellow Pages, not logged online to find their website. Anyway, discounts that apply with either application include up to 30% no claims discount plus a further discount if you buy both buildings and contents cover together. (Jam es Slack, Home Affair editor, 26 May 2010) The latter normally has some of the lowest combination discounts weve seen (e.g. 5% a few months ago) but its good to see a strong effort with the ever growing trend of no claims bonuses attached to home insurance. As you would expect they pride themselves more on service than the cheapness of their policies with a no-form-filling claims inquiry process, a dedicated Halifax claims manager to process that claim and a 24 hour repair/replace promise once that claim is settled. Travel insurance from the Halifax is not as extensive as specialised travel insurers but if youre looking to have general cover for your holidays and you want to keep all your policies in one place there is nothing wrong with the cover provided for such. Single trip travel insurance, individual annual cover, world travel cover, winter sports and family travel insurances are all available with a discount for buying any policy online. Halifax pet insurance services are less generous with the discounts with only a few pounds off should you buy online but you do get an extra discount if you insure more than one pet with them. Big plus is the no age limit with some insurers capping at five years for some breeds. The Halifax Bank of Scotland Group (HBOS) has been providing insurance and closely related services such as mortgages for many years which give them a unique perspective to create comprehensive home cover. They quote themselves as the largest mortgage and savings provider in the UK and one of the leading insurers. Key Literature There have been numerous studies identifying the key service quality attributes in the physical banking environment, where personal interaction between customers and bank employees is a primary aspect of service deliver. However, relatively little literature has investigated service quality attributes in the Internet Banking Sector (e-Service) where non-human interaction is the main component of service delivery. Joseph (2009) investigated the influence of technology, such as the A.T.M., telephone and Internet on the delivery of banking service in UK. Using the Hemmasi (2004) importance performance technique, their study identified five underlying dimensions of electronic banking service quality. First is convenience/accuracy, second is feedback/complaint management, third one is efficiency, fourth is queue management and the last is accessibility and customisation. The main limitation of this study is that they took a generalised perspective on electronic banking and did not consi der that each type of technology might have a different effect on customers perceptions of quality. Jun and Cai (2008) have focused specifically on the issues associated with Internet banking quality. Using the critical Incident technique they revealed a total of seventeen attributes of Internet banking service quality, which they classified into three broad categories: customer service quality, banking service, product quality and online systems quality. They concluded that Internet banks should pay attention to all seventeen attributes in order to maintain a high level of overall banking service quality. However, to reinforce competitiveness in an extremely competitive market place and given limited organisational resources, they recommended that banks offering Internet banking services should focus on the following six key attributes; responsiveness, reliability, access, ease of use, accuracy and product variety/diverse features. Their research findings have revealed that thes e six attributes tend to have a strong impact on customers satisfaction, depending on the quality performance of those attributes. These six attributes were, therefore, used as a basis for the research described in the paper. Banks around the world fear a huge loss of reputation and dwindling customer confidence in their Internet platforms through very clever and increasingly successful Internet banking attacks. Furthermore, experts are now convinced that securing Internet banking through IT security methods (user authentication, encryption, authorisation codes) is not enough, since almost every security system can be cracked in practise (man-in-the-middle and man-in-the-browser attacks have a high success rate nowadays), especially if the security system has to remain affordable and user-friendly. IT security measures can be ideally supplemented by a risk assessment of every transaction on the Internet banking server. Even internet provider such as airlines (online ticket sale) or online shops are confronted with a high number of fraud losses.   An international study conducted by the consulting agency Deloitte proved that 79% of all airlines have to fight against fraud. Most of the fraud cases are caused by payment via credit card. During the last years, the losses due to fraud have increased worldwide fivefold. The losses in total add up to 600 million British Pounds. Justification I have chosen this topic and bank branch because I have Halifax bank is incredible managing all financial services in personal banking, business banking, Private banking and Commercial banking. In my point of view and according to market survey, Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) are affecting in the time period of 2007 to 2010. There are several reasons of influence and main reason of this time period is recession. Specially; SME businesses have an effected. Halifax (Walthamstow Branch) has been playing greatly rationalized role in the SME market in the form of lending. This bank branch has offered various plans to SME market for making better improvement in business. As I mentioned above about Halifax offers for SME Lending and Halifax Lending activities to make more suitable and helpful for every kind of business under different circumstances and excellent offers comparatively other banks and building societies. This Branch is trying to improve the business in the particularl y area SMEs. I have chosen this company because this Bank is providing on the specific level of business and it wants to help in real business market. Halifax bank understands all issues of SME business like how these businesses are surviving in the recession time? How will SME improve in this critical situation of businesses? Hypothesis Halifax has improved in a number of ways to access the account. In recent years the Bank has therefore been focusing on areas of more specific interest and concern that is fraud fear on internet banking. Examples of this increased focus are the Banks report on The Financing of Technology-based on usage of internet banking, published in October 2008, and the report on Smaller Exporters, published in January 2008. This latest report in that series focuses on the financing of ethnic minority firms in the Ilford, London, UK, concentrating on the smaller end of the business sector and on the start-up and early growth stages. Halifax is to cut  interest rates  on a range of products by up to 0.65 per cent, it has been revealed. The changes will take the form of a new range of  fixed rate  and  lending. Among the new products is the banks lowest rate ever a two year  fixed lending  at 3.49 per cent. Remortgage  customers will also see the cost of  lending  fall, with deals on offer from 3.79 per cent. John Russell, director of branch (2009) internet banking department, said: They remain committed to online banking to our customers and offering highly competitive  securities  during these challenging online fraud, hacking, phishing in less security conditions. Methodology Primary Research The primary data in this research will be will be collected through conducting a questionnaire survey. This research study depends upon both primary and secondary data sources. Mostly research will be dependent on questionnaire survey or primary data. Types In the primary research, there are multiple types for example; Interviews with consumers and bank service providers, surveys, focus groups and questionnaires. Advantages/disadvantages Using primary research, it will help me to find out problems in internet banking and banking problems for fraud what they are facing. They will get original and authenticate data but still Halifax cannot provide all information because they think it could be drawback for the market competitors point of view. Chosen I have chosen this topic because my personal account in this bank and this branch is near to my accommodation and I can get easily more authentic information for my research according to various users. Objective: with t he objective of fulfil the research requirement and fraud fear on internet banking in the current century (2010). Secondary Research Types Secondary data will be gathered from books, journals, articles, research agencies and from other online recourses. Both categories of secondary data, internal (inside the organization) and external (outside the organization) data will be themed. Advantages/disadvantages In the secondary research, it will help me to find out all previous data, facts and figures and surveys which have done in past. So, I can theme this data for my research and it will help me for my research and future data. Objective I have chosen it because I have already study of Internet banking in different societies and banks for example; Halifax, Halifax, RBS, and HSBC. Objective: using my all information; I can achieve my targets for this research and I can complete my research for dissertation. Quantative / Qualitative As the quantitative data or information is obtained from the available secondary sources it will be achieved in this dissertation from articles, published reports, magazines and online recourses. Qualitative data provides the information with nearest approach of reality and reliable quality. So qualitative data of dissertation will be collected from the interviews, question is survey and focus groups. Scope After completing my research on internet banking for Halifax customers in particular bank branch (Halifax Ilford branch). This research would help to improve the internet banking and analyze the consumers view with the reference of Halifax internet banking in different areas, situation. Limitations During the research, interviews and statistic data; I will try to get more information for my dissertation. The greatest impact of Halifax bank is through its internet banking policies, and through the companies and personals that it usage of Internet Banking and allows to operate. Only smile, as part of the Halifax Bank, has a complete ethical internet banking policy. Halifax Ethical internet banking providers  only invest in ethical companies and funds generally, ethical internet banks will  avoid doing fraud in internet banking in business with companies that have anything to with green or ethical violations. Ethics In the proposal, I consult all the data and information from Halifax bank report, journals and books and I themed all references and give the credit to original authors and writers. I have not themed any illegal websites, books or any other way of material for this research. Secondly ethical banking of Halifax is an umbrella term for putting your money where you morals are and choosing financial products which are in line with your  own ethos. But its not just ethics that encourage people to  choose green, as some ethical investment products, for example, have been known to outperform their non-ethical counterparts, so it can make good financial sense too. Recommendation Halifax Bank was asked to tackle the enquiry of permission to fraud fear in internet banking under the Ilford branch for social movement. This research report has needed supplying evidence on the present obligation for and providing of business economics banking and personal banking on internet for social endeavours in the UK and has also calculated forthcoming reasons of internet banking fraud fear, which may be fundamentals to description for the social benefits of public endeavours movements. The proof accessible in the statement reveals the complexity of the substance in the area of Internet banking for the personal, business and commercial customers. As the Banks appraisal demonstrates, the division is composed of a various diversity of administrations for controlling the online banking fraud, that are building up a plan in instruct to protected a more maintainable internet banking for Halifax customers. Communal endeavours, like all commercial, need access to use to several w ay of access the account especially online banking. Our investigates illustrate that, while a substantial amount of public schemes do access internet banking, there are problems on both the need and offer side that can create it more hard and tricky for hackers of internet banking.

Jazz Music And Its Influence On The Music - 3105 Words

Jazz music as we know it today has evolved since the early twentieth century. Its’ evolution is due to the influence of many different players who have added their own styles, interpretations and techniques. Two masters of Jazz who have been a big influence on the music are cornet and trumpet player, Louis Armstrong, and piano player, band leader and arranger, Duke Ellington. Each came from different socio-economic and geographical backgrounds, but both became masters of their trade, reached worldwide fame and became legends of the music. There is much legend attached to the story of Louis Armstrong, this is mainly due to the fact that Louis was quite liberal with the truth of his beginnings and often contradicted his own stories. If we were to take his word for it, Louis was born Daniel Louis Armstrong in James Alley, on the fourth of July, 1900. 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